Adapted from Duquesne University Writing Center<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Follow three steps.<\/strong>1. Introduce2. Provide and cite3. Analyze<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
For example:<\/strong> Derek Ross compares the development of Monopoly through multiple iterations from multiple designers to the development of a Wikipedia article. He writes, \u201cMonopoly was like a Wikipedia [sic<\/em>] article. Maggie made the first few versions, then other people tweaked it over 30 years. So the name and the design both changed as time went by. It\u2019s still basically the same game though. Very much like a Wikipedia article really\u201d (n. pg.).\u00a0Though other texts may not be \u201cbasically the same\u201d after such revision, Ross\u2019s comments show that attention to the workings of Wikipedia can help authors understand the iterative nature of other texts.
<\/em>The tips below address each of these steps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1. Introduce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Use signal phrases.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Signal explicitly when you are bringing in another source by using a signal phrase, that is, source author + verb <\/em>(e.g., Smith contends).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Choose verbs that reflect what an author is doing. Be precise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Do not overuse \u201csays.\u201d Consider these options:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Acknowledges<\/td>
Admits<\/td>
Advises<\/td><\/tr>
Agrees<\/td>
Argues<\/td>
Asserts<\/td><\/tr>
Believes<\/td>
Claims<\/td>
Concludes<\/td><\/tr>
Contends<\/td>
Confirms<\/td>
Criticizes<\/td><\/tr>
Concurs<\/td>
Disagrees<\/td>
Discusses<\/td><\/tr>
Declares<\/td>
Emphasizes<\/td>
Explains<\/td><\/tr>
Disputes<\/td>
Offers<\/td>
Opposes<\/td><\/tr>
Observes<\/td>
Reports<\/td>
Responds<\/td><\/tr>
Replies<\/td>
Suggests<\/td>
Reveals<\/td><\/tr>
Writes<\/td>
<\/td>
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2. Provide titles and credentials of authors.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Enhance your ethos by making clear why sources are credible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Provide information geared to your audience\u2019s needs and background knowledge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
For example<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Professor of Library and Information Science William J. Cox<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Albert Joseph, Vera Heinz Professor of Sociology,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Donna Loan Smith, women’s studies scholar,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Experienced arbiter Elizabeth Johnson<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Popular attorney Richard E. Baldwin<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Renowned Pittsburgh symphony cellist James Greer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Beware of sources with no authors.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Lack of authorship attribution is frequently associated with lack of credibility.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Information is harder to verify when its source is unclear.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Attend to authorship of all sources, not just Internet sources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Explicitly address why you choose to use anonymous sources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
(e.g., “Despite a lack of explicit authorship, this article successfully explains…”). <\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. Provide and Cite<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Know your integration options.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
You can integrate sources in three ways:1. Summarize: condense the main idea of the source into your own words2. Paraphrase: capture the precise meaning of a small section of a source in your own words3. Quote: copy the exact words of a source\u00a0Know when and how to paraphrase, summarize, and quote.<\/strong> See the \u201cParaphrasing, Summarizing, and Quoting\u201d handout available at the Writing Center and on\u00a0http:\/\/www.duq.edu\/writing-center\/students\/print-resources.cfm<\/a>\u00a0for more information on these options.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n