{"id":31,"date":"2025-02-24T10:47:47","date_gmt":"2025-02-24T15:47:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/?page_id=31"},"modified":"2025-02-24T11:01:45","modified_gmt":"2025-02-24T16:01:45","slug":"universities-studying-slavery","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/universities-studying-slavery\/","title":{"rendered":"Universities Studying Slavery"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-universities-studying-slavery\">Universities Studying Slavery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cWhat strikes me now is how much of the painful past we have yet to confront, even when we love one another and think that we know one another. So much of what agonizes and divides us remains unacknowledged\u2026 We are runaway slaves from our own past and only by turning to face the hounds can we find our freedom beyond them.\u201d Timothy B. Tyson, Blood Done Sign My Name: A True Story<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cThe Citadel\u2019s mission is to educate our students in a disciplined and intellectually challenging environment, so that they develop into principled leaders instilled with our core values of honor, duty, and respect. Especially in these trying times here in the U.S. and societies around the world, we believe it necessary to renew our commitment to this position by joining the larger international movement of colleges and universities confronting past entanglements in human bondage and racism. The Citadel\u2019s founding is tied to slavery and, like the Universities Studying Slavery, we support the consortium\u2019s ongoing study of that history and its impact on our society today.\u201d Connie Ledoux Book, Citadel Provost (2017)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_107-1024x524.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-57\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_107-1024x524.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_107-300x154.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_107-768x393.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_107.jpg 1162w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"376\" src=\"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_0-831-scaled-1-1024x376.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-56\" style=\"width:519px;height:190px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_0-831-scaled-1-1024x376.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_0-831-scaled-1-300x110.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_0-831-scaled-1-768x282.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_0-831-scaled-1-1536x565.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_0-831-scaled-1-2048x753.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Sketches of the Citadel and Arsenal academies in 1843, The Citadel Archives &amp; Museum<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2016, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.citadel.edu\/root\/images\/president\/diversity-report.pdf\">President\u2019s Task Force for Advancing The Citadel\u2019s Connection to Diversity and Inclusion<\/a>&nbsp;observed the need to promote a more comprehensive understanding of \u201cthe context in which The Citadel was established in 1842, historical relationships between The Citadel and the surrounding community, and the importance of cultural diversity to the development of Charleston and SC.\u201d In pursuit of this goal, The Citadel, in 2017, joined a consortium of forty&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/slavery.virginia.edu\/universities-studying-slavery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Universities Studying Slavery<\/a>&nbsp;(USS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Within our state, the USS program includes the University of South Carolina, Clemson University, the College of Charleston and Furman University. Beyond, its members include Brown, Columbia, Georgetown, and Wake Forest Universities, as well as the Virginia Military Institute and the Universities of North Carolina, Mississippi, and Virginia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our research efforts are still in their early stages but a general outline of The Citadel\u2019s story is clear. The Citadel is located in the heart of Charleston, a port city through which roughly forty percent of enslaved persons entering North America passed. As such, historians have described Charleston as the \u201cBlack Ellis Island.\u201d The Citadel was originally established as an arsenal by the state of South Carolina in the immediate aftermath of Denmark Vesey\u2019s aborted slave insurrection in 1822. Its purpose was to support \u201ca Competent Force to Act as a Municipal Guard for the Protection of the City of Charleston and its vicinity\u201d (City of Charleston Ordinance No. 2276). Twenty years later, it was converted into a military academy whose white students earned a college education while simultaneously safeguarding the weapons stored there to defend the city \u201cin times of alarm, invasion, or insurrection\u201d (Board of Visitors minutes, 1843, p. 10). The school originally had two locations: the Citadel in Charleston and the Arsenal in Columbia, South Carolina. Both campuses operated from 1843, when classes were first held, until 1865, when much of the Arsenal was burned and Federal troops occupied the Charleston location. The Citadel reopened in Charleston in 1882.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_973-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_973-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_973-1021x1024.jpg 1021w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_973-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_973-768x770.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_973-1531x1536.jpg 1531w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/citadel_archives_-_photo_973.jpg 1989w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The Citadel under Federal occupation, ca. 1865, The Citadel Archives &amp; Museum<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>What was The Citadel\u2019s specific relationship to slavery during those first twenty-two years? The Slave Schedule of the Federal Census of 1850 lists five male black slaves at the Military Academy, a name by which The Citadel was known. Members of The Citadel community, including individual administrators, faculty and students, were members of South Carolina\u2019s slaveholding class. Many of them participated directly in the events that triggered the beginning of the bloodiest war in American history, a war whose root cause was slavery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"231\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/1850_u.s._census_slave_schedule-scaled-1-231x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-69\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/1850_u.s._census_slave_schedule-scaled-1-231x300.jpeg 231w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/1850_u.s._census_slave_schedule-scaled-1-790x1024.jpeg 790w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/1850_u.s._census_slave_schedule-scaled-1-768x995.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/1850_u.s._census_slave_schedule-scaled-1-1185x1536.jpeg 1185w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/1850_u.s._census_slave_schedule-scaled-1-1580x2048.jpeg 1580w, https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/221\/1850_u.s._census_slave_schedule-scaled-1.jpeg 1975w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>1850 Federal Slave Schedule, Charleston County<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This project seeks more specific information about the lives, thoughts, and actions of individuals who were part of The Citadel community and how these individuals affected and were affected by the peculiar institution. It is our hope that the fruits of this research, which will be shared online, will further the conversation within our community beyond abstractions to a serious consideration of the place of slavery and race relations in The Citadel\u2019s past and the impact of their legacy today. It is also our hope that the combined results of the research conducted by the Universities Studying Slavery consortium will produce a richer, deeper, and more complete understanding of the history of our United States of America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-project-members\"><strong>Project Members:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Alex Adler, Assistant Archivist, and Staff Member, Daniel Library<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bo Moore, Professor Emeritus, Department of History and Former Dean, School of Humanities &amp; Social Sciences<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Amanda Mushal, Associate Professor, Department of History, Director, M.A. in History Program and Vice-Chair, Faculty Senate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Felice Knight, Assistant Professor, Department of History and Chair, the Universities Studying Slavery Committee<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tessa Updike, Archivist, Daniel Library and Director, the Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation Center<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aaron Wimer, Director, Daniel Library<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Universities Studying Slavery \u201cWhat strikes me now is how much of the painful past we have yet to confront, even when we love one another and think that we know one another. So much of what agonizes and divides us remains unacknowledged\u2026 We are runaway slaves from our own past and only by turning to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":694,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-31","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Universities Studying Slavery - Office of Civility and Engagement<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.citadel.edu\/oce\/universities-studying-slavery\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Universities Studying Slavery\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Universities Studying Slavery \u201cWhat strikes me now is how much of the painful past we have yet to confront, even when we love one another and think that we know one another. 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